Editing Claim of logic

At Wikipedia(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_tautology) I<sub>Stephanus Rensburg</sub> summarized the edifice of Greek Philosophy as:

:A rhetorical tautology can also be defined as a series of statements that form an argument, whereby the statements are constructed in such a way that the truth of the proposition is guaranteed or that, by defining a dissimilar or synonymous term in terms of another self-referentially, the truth of the proposition cannot be disputed. Consequently, the statement conveys no useful information regardless of its length or complexity making it unfalsifiable. It is a way of formulating a description such that it masquerades as an explanation when the real reason for the phenomena cannot be independently derived. A rhetorical tautology should not be confused with a tautology in propositional logic- [[Tautological assertions]], since the inherent meanings and subsequent conclusions in rhetorical and logical tautologies are very different. Thus rhetorical tautologies guarantee the truth of the proposition, where the expectation ([[premise]]) was for a falsifiable construct, any [[conclusion]] is a [[non sequitur (logic)]].

* 1. perpetuators proliferate - [[Stanford tautologies]]
* 2. "''Favorable ones become more common - Wikipedia, Citizendium''"... Becoming common in the [[MalThus]] struggle for life or ''natural means of competitive preservation''[[Patrick Matthew]] implies the creatures were favorable, no opposite to the proposition can be formulated, it is a ''[[claim of logic]]''(what happens, happens). [[Rhetorical tautologies]] and contradictions are not pictures of reality, since they do not represent possible situations or states of affairs. "Favorable" implies and is implied by(<=>) "becoming more common" showing us all possible situations or states of affairs. Contradictions show us no possible situations or states of affairs. Ref http://forums.philosophyforums.com/threads/wittgenstein-a-summary-41631-2.html and (T. 4.462) from [[Wittgenstein]]. Sentences which are ''[http://tautology.wikia.com/wiki/Claim_of_logic claims of logic]'' and containing the oxymoron [[Natural Selection]], explaining everything and nothing at the same time, are [[Meaningless sentence]]s. By this is meant that if oxymoron ns is not used as metaphor for unintentional adaptation. Oxymorons and pleonasms can be used metaphorically for anything - define your terms. 
* 3. lower fitness creatures are removed (lower <=> removed)- http://academia.wikia.com/wiki/Malthusian_Selection#Natural_Selection
* 4. beneficial ones will tend to become more numerous (beneficial <=> numerous) - http://conservapedia.com/Natural_selection
* 5. Of these the fit ones persisted, while the unfit ones disappeared.(fit <=> persisted) - [[Lucretius]] http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A12&pageseq=1
* 6. One with the greatest rate of increase is the one that will become the new predominant allele (greatest rate <=> predominant) - http://groups.google.com/group/talk.origins/browse_thread/thread/deac2432776866c6/b7fce5490e4d08d6#b7fce5490e4d08d6
* 7. Those constituted were preserved (constituted <=> preserved)- http://tautology.wikia.com/wiki/Aristotle. It is this claim of logic that Darwin wrote ''.... we can see here the [http://tautology.wikia.com/wiki/The_God_delusion#p.121 principle of natural selection] shadowed forth ....''. Darwin took a claim of logic and invoked it as a mechanism.
* 8 [[James Hutton]] 1791 - "......Those not adapted will perish, while those adapted for the circumstances, will be the best adapted. ......"
[[Popper]] himself failed to notice his own tautological claims of logic surrounding the oxymoron [[Natural Selection]].
* [[Empedocles]]-(600BC) "...Those animals perished immediately, for they were not fitted to live, and only those random coalitions of elements which were fittest to live survived, and continue to survive today...."
* [[Aristotle]](500BC) - "....Things appropriately constituted were preserved and things not appropriately constituted perished...."
* [[Democritus]] - "...Those in harmony maintained themselves, while the unfit disappear... "

A [[Pleonasm]] allows for an opposite sense to be implied in a sentence - [[Tautological expressions]], which differs from [[Tautological assertions]] or logical validity - claims which must be true by logical necessity, not falsifiable under any conditions. [http://tautology.wikia.com/wiki/Physics_equations_aren%27t_tautologies Physics equations] aren't true by logical necessity but falsifiable due to experimental observation.

Oxymoron is the opposite of [[pleonasm]]. Pleonasms aren't tautologies, [[Only sentences can be tautologies]]. [[Pleonasm]] has the ''intuitive sense'' of saying the same thing twice but doesn't ''guarantee the truth of the proposition'' like a rhetorical tautology does. Meaning that a RT explains everything under all conditions. An [[oxymoron]] has the ''sense'' of being contradictory but isn't, [https://groups.google.com/group/talk.origins/browse_frm/thread/400a83ea127fa660# only a premise represented with a sentence can be non-explanatory under all conditions]. Rhetorical tautologies guarantee the truth of the proposition, where the expectation was for a falsifiable construct. Logical tautologies guarantee the the truth of the proposition and is expected to do so by logical necessity. [[John Wilkins]] series of articles dealing with the tautology problem equivocated between these two concepts by not defining what he means with ''tautology''. The term ''tautology'' itself doesn't differentiate between the concepts.

Biologists can't define the universal mechanism it claims to study, it opted to equivocate between claims of logic and mechanism, much like [[John Wilkins]] equivocated between [[Tautological assertions]], propositions and [[Tautological expressions]].

=== Competition ===
http://www.evolutionnews.org/2014/05/nsf_study_on_al085331.html   





=== Links ===
* [[Timeline_of_tautologies ]]
[[Category:Logical fallacies]]
[[Category:Claim of logic]]